25 Hobbies That Make Money: Start Earning Today (2026)

Whether you’re looking for a fun side hustle or a unique idea to start your own business, your favorite hobbies can act as the inspiration and momentum you need to take the leap into earning extra money today.

From earning a supplemental income to building a full-time revenue stream, this guide will show you how to turn activities you already enjoy into money-making opportunities. Discover which common hobbies have real profit potential and learn practical steps to turn what you love doing anyway into a rewarding online business.

What makes a hobby profitable?

Finding a hobby you love is great, but it isn’t enough to just be passionate about something. Profitable hobbies solve real problems, have proven market demand, are scalable, and stand out from the competition.

Repeatable, consumable products and in-demand services include skin care, custom apparel, and pet-sitting. Store owners sell these through online stores, marketplaces like Etsy, social platforms such as TikTok and Instagram, or in-person at craft fairs and local markets.

Even better, a profitable hobby can fit any stage of life. Retirees looking for a new income stream and beginners starting with a small niche can each build something that works for their situation.

If your goal is to monetize your hobby, there’s no better time to get started. The creator economy continues to grow, with the North American creator economy market expected to reach $331.4 billion by 2034, according to a report from Market.us. Similarly, a Bankrate survey found that 27% of US adults have a side hustle, with online sales and professional services ranking among the most popular categories.

To make a hobby profitable, you can’t just start an online store or show up at craft fairs and local markets and hope for the best. “You’re very naive at the beginning, thinking, ‘I just need to put the work online, and people will somehow find it and buy it.’ That’s not the case at all,” says Raquel Acosta, founder and ceramics artist at Glaze Me Pretty.

In reality, turning a hobby into a business takes time, effort, and a strategic approach. You’ll need to find a niche, develop a sound marketing strategy and business plan, and share what makes your hobby unique. For Mush Studios founder Jacob Winter, the key to success was catching attention via engaging TikTok videos of his rug-making process. 

“The feedback from my TikTok videos was amazing. The form of rug making was so new at the time that everyone was like, ‘What is this guy doing in this garage on Long Island?’ I basically was making a painting but with yarn and a huge machine gun tattooing into the fabric,” says Jacob in a Shopify Masters interview. “Once I saw that people were actually interested, it obviously got me super excited. So I decided to continually make videos, and within that first year, we generated 23 million views.”

No matter the approach you take, it’s essential to do research before going all-in on your idea. That could mean sharing content on social media and tracking the response, getting feedback from local community members, sending surveys, or doing in-depth interviews. The research you do could differentiate what you thought was a hobby from a profitable business idea. 

25 profitable hobbies that make money

There are plenty of hobbies that make money, many of which span creative work, content creation, hands-on crafts, services, and food and lifestyle pursuits. This section breaks down viable hobbies into five different categories: creative and design hobbies, content creation hobbies, making and crafting hobbies, service-based hobbies, and food, drink, and lifestyle hobbies. Each of these interests can be monetized to create profitable ventures.

Creative and design hobbies

1. Writing
2. Illustration and graphic design
3. Music
4. Photography
5. Calligraphy

Creative and design hobbies turn artistic skill into paid work through commissions, licensing, and freelance projects. Writers, illustrators, musicians, photographers, and calligraphers can sell directly to clients, work with larger companies, or license their work for repeated use.

1. Writing

If you can write compellingly and have the discipline, there are many ways to turn your prose into a paid gig. You can pen your own blogs or newsletters and build an audience, either by creating paywalled content on platforms like Medium or Substack, or by selling ad space on your blog. 

You can also make money online by writing for others. Find one-off copywriting jobs on skill sites like Upwork or Fiverr, or work freelance or in-house for companies creating editorial, marketing, or social media content. Join networking sites like LinkedIn for writing opportunities, or consider making money as a freelance copywriter.

2. Illustration and design

There are several ways to make money using your design and illustration skills. You can take on design gigs creating logos, websites, marketing materials, book covers, and graphics of all kinds. 

If you want more control, you can put your art on products, from T-shirts and posters to canvases, and sell those items instead. Artists such as Maria Qamar of Hatecopy have built successful businesses by putting their graphics on clothes, décor, and prints. 

This type of business is great when you’re starting and want to keep overhead costs low. Once you make sales and know which designs have the most demand, you can consider investing in your own stock. In the meantime, print-on-demand services provide a low-risk way to print and sell your designs online without having to buy and store inventory. In fact, the print-on-demand market was valued at more than $10 billion in 2025, and is projected to reach over $57 billion by 2033.

3. Music

There are plenty of ways to make money as a musician, like creating beats and samples to sell online. Listing beats on third-party sites, such as Airbit and BeatStars, works similarly to stock photo sites, allowing people to purchase your music to use in their own content. 

You can also set up your own site to sell samples to other artists directly. For example, Samples by Vanity is an online business that sells samples for artists to remix and splice together to create their own tracks.

You can make your audio exclusive or non-exclusive. There’s more money to be made selling exclusive rights, but you need to produce high-quality work. SoundOracle is an example of an online sample library with an excellent reputation—its sounds have been featured in more than 20 Grammy Award–winning songs.

4. Photography

Own a high-quality camera and know how to use it? Turn photography from a fun hobby into a profitable side hustle.

Depending on your interests, you can specialize in wedding and event photography, fashion photography, product photography, or even family and baby photography. For a more scalable gig, consider selling your images as stock photos or prints online.

Different photography specialties will garner higher pay. For example, wedding photographers average $47.69 per hour, while real estate photographers average $29.97 per hour. Note that these figures are the reported average from third-party salary data and that actual hobby income varies and isn’t guaranteed. 

5. Calligraphy

Calligraphy is a highly specialized skill and can help you build a lucrative business. You can make money by selling custom wedding invitations, greeting cards, and signage. Alternatively, consider offering calligraphy classes or online workshops, creating and selling fonts, or selling calligraphy templates on Etsy or Creative Market.

The profitability of calligraphy can range, depending on your specific market, skill level, and style. In general, custom wedding invitations can start around $1,500 for a custom wedding invitation, with most calligraphers’ pricing falling somewhere between $50 and $150 per hour. 

Content creation hobbies

6. Vlogging
7. Podcasting
8. Comedy
9. Gaming
10. AI-assisted content creation
11. Live shopping

Content creation hobbies make money through ad revenue, brand sponsorships, and platform payouts, along with direct sales opportunities, like merchandise, tips, and live shopping commissions. Vloggers, podcasters, comedians, gamers, and creators working with AI-assisted tools can each build an audience and turn it into income.

6. Vlogging

If you love sharing your thoughts, expertise, or experiences on camera, vlogging can be a great way to monetize your interests. You can create content on channels like TikTok and YouTube, catering to others with similar interests.

Monetization options include ad revenue, affiliate marketing, brand partnerships, or selling your own digital products (like ebooks or online courses). Choose a niche you enjoy and stay consistent with content creation. 

Keep in mind that monetization timelines and requirements differ across platforms. TikTok and YouTube have distinctly different revenue models, so do your research to determine which platform will work best for you. 

7. Podcasting

Global podcasting revenue was valued at $39.63 billion in 2025 and is projected to reach $131.13 billion by 2030, growing at a compound annual growth rate (CAGR) of 27% over that period. If you have a passion for storytelling, interviewing experts, or sharing insights on a niche topic, podcasting can be both a creative outlet and a source of income.

You can monetize a podcast through sponsorships, listener subscriptions (via platforms like Patreon), or by offering exclusive content through paid memberships. You can also sell related products, such as books, courses, or merchandise for extra income. Essential equipment you’ll need to get started includes software to help you record and edit, high-quality headphones and a high-quality microphone, and sound-dampening tools for echoey spaces.

Typically, you’ll need to get 10,000 to 15,000 monthly downloads before you can be considered for a sponsorship, but you can also consider listener-supported models where you ask listeners to pay to subscribe or pay for more premium content. Keep in mind that different niches will affect rates as well. For example, video tool Riverside notes that podcasts in personal finance, health and wellness, tech, business, and self-improvement are often the most lucrative.

8. Comedy

Are you good at making people laugh? Why not take that sense of humor and use it to build a digital audience? Comedy is one of the more creative ways to make money from a hobby.

You can probably think of several TikTok, Instagram, YouTube, or X accounts that have amassed large audiences simply by curating memes and viral videos or tapping into a niche brand of humor that no one else was serving.

Once you have an audience, you can partner with brands to create sponsored posts or turn your best running jokes into T-shirts and other products.

9. Gaming

Gaming has the potential to earn you extra cash, and knowing how to make money gaming starts with picking the right format for your strengths. Avenues you can choose from include:

• Livestreaming and playing video games on Twitch, where you can make money by becoming an affiliate, partner, or sponsored streamer 
• Monetizing gaming by posting playthroughs to YouTube and earning ad revenue
• Asking for donations from your community of viewers 
• Offering subscriptions to your followers 

While the commitment needed to make a significant income might turn gaming into work, you can still have fun if you choose to stream a game you love, are good at it, and bring your personality to the screen.

Keep in mind that revenue will vary according to your audience size. Building an audience on a platform like Twitch involves finding a niche, engaging with your viewers, building a network, crafting a personal brand, collaborating with other gamers, and promoting your streams.

10. AI-assisted content creation

The AI-assisted content creation market—which involves partnering with AI tools to craft blog posts, social media content, copy, and more—was worth $2.2 billion in 2024 and is projected to exceed $10.6 billion by 2033. You’ll bring the strategy, communicate with clients to best understand their needs, work with AI to craft efficient and effective prompts, and edit the results. 

According to ZipRecruiter, AI content creators in the US can make $116,615 per year. Note that this is an average figure from a third-party source and actual hobby income isn’t guaranteed. 

11. Live shopping

Live shopping is when a host livestreams products to potential customers, who can ask questions and purchase said items in real time. The live commerce market is projected to reach $2.54 trillion by 2033, growing at a CAGR of 41%.

You can start livestreaming live shopping events on your own and sell individual products, or leverage livestreams to tease product releases, as comic book shop Revenge Of does.

“We do a livestream every Tuesday. Our comics come out every week on Wednesday, and so we run down some of our favorites in a livestream in which we’re interacting directly with customers who are both ecomm as well as in-store,” says Joe Myers, co-founder of Revenge Of. “It’s developed its own kind of lore for people at this point.” 

Making and crafting hobbies

12. Jewelry making
13. DIY crafting
14. Pottery
15. Restoring and flipping furniture

Making and crafting hobbies generate income by turning finished pieces or refurbished items into products you sell directly to customers, often through your own online store or craft marketplaces. Online hobby and craft supply sales in the US reached $25.3 billion in 2026, signaling steady demand for jewelry makers, DIY crafters, potters, and furniture flippers.

12. Jewelry making

You can sell handmade jewelry through online platforms like Etsy or Depop, turning your creative passion into a side hustle. Whether you work with metals, beads, resin, or upcycled materials, well-crafted jewelry can attract customers looking for something unique.

Customizable, repeatable pieces, like personalized name necklaces or birthstone rings, can be a good option because the same base design can be resold to many different customers with small variations, rather than relying on a new one-off creation for each sale.

Some jewelry makers also run subscription boxes featuring a new handmade piece each month. If you don’t want to craft pieces yourself, you can also sell DIY kits, or teach others how to make their own jewelry at home.

13. DIY crafting

If you enjoy working with your hands, there are plenty of crafty things to make and sell, including candles, bath bombs, soap, Cricut crafts, knitting, art, and crochet.

Test the market for your products by selling them on a smaller scale to friends and family, at local maker markets, or on Etsy, then consider scaling into a full-time business as you rack up customers. Etsy alone has about 5.6 million active sellers and 86.5 million active buyers, making it a sizable marketplace to test a craft product in.

If the idea of crafting the goods yourself isn’t inspiring you, you can also make money selling kits that allow customers to flex their own maker muscles at home. For example, you could create DIY kits for fun projects, like Flower Moxie’s DIY bridal bouquets.

While DIY crafting can be a source of great enjoyment, remember that to make this hobby profitable your margins and production efficiency matter. Craft hobbies need high production volume to be profitable and, since each handmade piece takes real time to make, thin per-item margins only add up to solid income at scale. Before going all in, calculate your material costs, the time it takes to make each item, and what you can realistically sell your crafts for. Then, consider making items in batches to increase efficiency for your business.

14. Pottery

If you have skills around a potter’s wheel, consider selling your pieces to make extra money. The global pottery and ceramics market was estimated at more than $12.3 billion in 2025 and is predicted to grow to over $17.3 billion by 2033. 

Start by building your own website to maximize profits and reach, selling at local craft fairs, or even offering in-person classes. You’ll have more success if you decide on a particular style or hone in on a niche, so consider experimenting with different pottery styles like layered glazes, imperfect or more natural shapes, and playful designs.

15. Restoring and flipping furniture

If you enjoy DIY projects and have an eye for interior design, refurbishing old furniture can be a profitable hobby. You can find inexpensive pieces at thrift stores, garage sales, or even curbside; simply give them a makeover, and sell them for a profit.

You can even document your transformations on social media, which will help to attract buyers and grow your audience. You can sell locally through Facebook Marketplace or go nationwide through platforms like Etsy and Chairish.

Service-based hobbies

16. Teaching or tutoring
17. Fitness
18. Pet care
19. Translating
20. Driving and delivery

Service-based hobbies make money by charging directly for your time, skills, or expertise, rather than selling a physical product. Teachers, tutors, fitness instructors, pet sitters, translators, and drivers can all set their own rates and build repeat clients through platforms or word of mouth.

16. Teaching or tutoring

If you’re knowledgeable about a subject, whether that’s math, science, a foreign language, or a creative skill like photography, you can turn that expertise into a money-making business by tutoring or teaching online. Platforms like Wyzant, Preply, and Outschool let you offer lessons to students of all ages. Alternatively, you can create your own YouTube channel or online course to generate passive income.

Platform-based teaching offers a direct pool of clients to work with, but you won’t be able to own those relationships long-term. You also may have to pay fees to the platform you choose to work with.

For a more personal approach, consider offering one-on-one tutoring services in-person or online. Even niche topics, like playing the ukulele, coding in Python, or perfecting latte art, have an audience willing to pay for lessons.

The tutoring rates you charge will depend on the subject matter you teach and your own credentials. For example, ZipRecruiter found that the average hourly rate for an LSAT tutor is around $34. In contrast, the average hourly rate for a reading tutor is around $25. Depending on local requirements, you may need to obtain a business license or credential to perform tutoring work. 

17. Fitness

There are several ways to make money from your love of fitness. You can:

• Become a certified personal trainer and train clients online or in-person
• Create and sell custom workout plans
• Start a YouTube channel or Instagram page sharing workout tips
• Offer fitness coaching for niche groups, like busy professionals, postpartum moms, or senior citizens.

There’s also a sizable market for yoga instructors, dance coaches, and martial arts trainers who offer online sessions. Altogether, the global virtual fitness market is set to be worth $39.8 billion in 2026 and is expected to reach $106.4 billion by 2030.

Becoming a fitness instructor can require certain credentials, so check with your local jurisdiction to better understand what those are. You may also want to look into insurance to protect yourself in case any of your clients get injured. 

18. Pet care

If your life revolves around animals, a pet care business might be right up your alley. The industry has real room to grow: US pet industry expenditures reached $158 billion in 2025, up 3.7% year-over-year, and are projected to reach $165 billion in 2026.

Transforming your hobby into a pet business can take many forms. With Supakit, for instance, owners Leili Farzaneh and Kevin White turned a personal pet story into their own shop selling cat accessories. Or, if you have extensive experience caring for animals, you can turn your expertise into extra cash by starting a YouTube channel, TikTok, or Instagram page devoted to pet-related content.

Alternatively, you can build a local pet-sitting or dog-walking business. Platforms like Rover connect pet sitters and dog walkers with pet owners in their area, giving you a built-in way to find clients without building an audience from scratch. You can charge an hourly rate for individual pet-sitting or accompany large groups of dogs on daily walks.

Most pet care businesses will need to follow regulatory requirements, though what these are specifically will depend on factors such as the type of work you do, your location, animal welfare laws, and health and safety regulations. To better understand what animal care requirements affect you, consult your local jurisdiction.

19. Translating

Being fluent in multiple languages can be a highly valuable skill. Businesses, authors, and content creators might need translators for meetings, documents, or books, or someone to provide subtitles for videos. You can offer translation services on platforms like Upwork or Fiverr or reach out directly to companies in need of localization.

Translation rates will vary based on the languages you work with and whether you specialize in anything specific. You may need to obtain credentials, like ATA certification, depending on the type of work you do. 

20. Driving and delivery

Driving for a ride-share app or delivering food are two of the fastest ways to monetize a hobby. All you’ll need is a car or bicycle. While you won’t own your own client relationships and will lose money to fuel costs and fees, this is a low-barrier way to make some extra cash on the side. 

One source lists Uber Eats and DoorDash among the top delivery apps for generating income. Glassdoor and NerdWallet put DoorDash earnings at $17 to $24 per hour. 

The ride-sharing market is also still going strong, and is estimated to reach almost $97 billion by 2030. Indeed estimates average hourly earnings for Uber drivers at $20.74. 

Food, drink, and lifestyle hobbies

21. Cooking
22. Drinking (and knowing about) coffee
23. Thrifting
24. Brewing beer
25. Gardening

Food, drink, and lifestyle hobbies make money by turning everyday expertise into products, content, or sales, from home cooks selling meal kits to thrifters flipping finds for a profit. Cooks, coffee enthusiasts, thrifters, home brewers, and gardeners can each package their knowledge or goods for consumers looking to learn more or improve their own skills.

21. Cooking

If you like to host elaborate dinner parties and want to share your culinary prowess with the world, there are many paths you can follow. YouTube and social media platforms like TikTok and Instagram are great for creating a loyal following of fellow food lovers. 

Once you’ve amassed a significant number of fans, you can partner with complementary businesses as an influencer. You might even take your favorite hobby on the road with a food truck business or monetize a food blog. 

You could also create your own line of products, like Jaswant Kular, who turned her homemade spice blends into a successful family business called Jaswant’s Kitchen after her daughters couldn’t replicate her traditional cooking. 

Whichever route you choose, food content performs consistently well online. One study found that 77% of Americans make meal decisions based on what’s trending, and 93% of respondents see food content on their feeds regularly. 

Start with one format (e.g., TikTok reels), then post consistently and often. To monetize your content, consider becoming an affiliate, setting up brand deals, streaming classes, or offering subscription-based meal plans. 

22. Drinking (and knowing about) coffee

Globally, people drink more than 2.25 billion cups of coffee every day, fueling an industry worth over $263 billion in the process. As more coffee drinkers have become accustomed to brewing their caffeine fix at home, it’s a prime time to capitalize on this opportunity. 

Globe-trotting creatives Jeff Campagna and Tania LaCaria found that coffee mixed well with one of their other passions, motorcycle travel. They opened Steeltown Garage Co., an apparel, accessories, and riding gear store and café that caters to bikers and coffee enthusiasts alike.

You could also monetize your coffee knowledge by educating others, creating coffee-related content online, or offering a curated set of products via an online store. 

23. Thrifting

If you have an eye for hidden gems, thrifting and flipping items for profit can be a fun and profitable hobby. You can buy low-priced items from thrift stores, garage sales, or estate sales and resell them on platforms like eBay, Poshmark, Mercari, and Depop. 

People can make money reselling everything from vintage clothing and rare sneakers to retro video games and old cameras. Some resellers specialize in refurbishing items to increase their value before selling.

Consistent sourcing trips, as well as learning what to look for in terms of brand and quality, can help you increase your margins and help you procure higher-value items. 

24. Brewing beer

Homebrewing, or making your own beer at home, is becoming increasingly popular, with the global market for home brewing beer machines set to hit $85.7 million by 2032.

While brewing beer at home is legal across all 50 states, what’s allowed depends on whether you’re brewing for personal use or planning to sell it, and rules vary by state and locality. For personal or family use, federal law allows adults (21 or older in most states) to brew without a permit, up to 100 gallons per year in a single-adult household or 200 gallons per year if two or more adults live there. That homebrewed beer can be used for personal tastings, contests, and organized competitions, but it can’t be sold or served at licensed premises, a catered event, or any other public setting.

If you want to sell the beer you make, you need TTB approval to operate as a brewery, along with a bond and any state and local licenses that apply. Consider contacting your local jurisdiction or state’s alcohol beverage control agency, as you might need certain permits, licenses, and approvals from federal, state, and local authorities.

If you have experience making unique or award-winning beers, you can set up your own online store selling supplies and recipes to adventurous homebrewers, create an online course, or start your own YouTube channel discussing the finer points of the craft. Brooklyn Brew Shop, for instance, sells homebrew kits and accessories so customers can enjoy the hobby themselves.

Remember, this is general information, not legal advice. Confirm current requirements with the TTB and your state’s alcohol beverage control agency before brewing or selling homemade beer.

25. Gardening

If you’re an avid gardener, you can earn money selling plants, even if you don’t have a large garden or nursery to cultivate them. Leaf & Clay sells succulents both as one-time purchases and on a subscription basis, while Emma Sibley grew her passion for plants into London Terrariums, a full-fledged business with a brick-and-mortar storefront. 

You can also sell products and accessories to help customers connect with their own gardening hobbies. Technology seller ēdn introduced an indoor garden to its product line, which helps customers grow herbs and other plants in a compact space using artificial light.

You can also try becoming a gardening influencer or teacher by setting up your own channel on social media featuring tips and resources for users searching for good gardening content.

How to make money from a hobby

To start a business based on your hobby, take the following steps:

1. Validate your business idea. Do market research to discover whether there’s demand for your offering. Personal experience is often part of that process. Fifty-seven percent of store owners used personal experience to validate their business idea, according to Shopify’s Q4 2025 Business Strategy and Planning Survey.*
2. Choose a business name. Come up with a business name that gives your business a unique identity and explains what you do. Shopify has a free business name generator to make things simple.
3. Make a plan. Create a business plan to keep you on track to meet your goals.
4. Understand business finances. Set up business accounts, funding sources, and other money matters. An accountant can also help you with these tasks.
5. Develop your product or service. The product development process is where you’ll turn your hobby-inspired offering into something customers are willing to pay for, whether it’s a physical or digital product, a consulting service, an online course, or a membership. Don’t be afraid to start with a very basic prototype like the team at BedJet did. 

“With BedJet, it was an ugly prototype that just had only the most basic functions that our current product has,” says Mark Aramli, its founder. 

6. Pick a business structure. Legitimize your business and protect your personal assets by choosing the business structure that best meets your needs.
7. Research licenses and regulations. Do your due diligence to ensure you’re conducting business lawfully, or retain the services of a lawyer or legal consultant to validate that for you. Business structure, licensing, and tax requirements vary by location. This isn’t legal or tax advice, so check with a lawyer or accountant for guidance specific to your business.
8. Select your software systems. Build your website, set up accounting software, and get the rest of your tech stack up and running. An ecommerce platform like Shopify is a great all-in-one solution that supports entrepreneurs of all sizes. 
9. Find a business location. Determine where you can operate your business, whether that’s from home, a studio, a store, or online. 
10. Plan workload and team size. Bootstrap or hire help, depending on your business plans.

When will I make money from a hobby?

Turning your favorite hobby into a side hustle or full-time job has its perks: You’ll be your own boss, work on your own schedule, and set your own prices, all while doing something you love. Nevertheless, it’s important to have realistic expectations about the time and work required to start a business from a hobby.

In fact, it can take a while to start earning any money at all. “We weren’t getting, I would say, livable money until like three years in,” says Darren Metz, co-founder of Snotty Nose Rez Kids.

That said, most new businesses do make it past year one. About 78% of private-sector establishments that opened in 2024 were still operating a year later, and just over half of those that opened in 2020 were still in business five years later. Still, that first year brings its own hurdles. In Shopify’s 2025 survey of store owners, marketing was the top first-year challenge, cited by 37%, with finding customers a close second at 36%.

To start, you’ll need to build a marketing strategy to let the world know about your side hustle. That strategy may begin with organic social media, then expand to multiple marketing channels, like paid ads and email.

When you start making sales, it’s key to keep track of the incoming and outgoing cash. This makes filing your taxes easier, simplifying the process if there’s an audit and helping protect your personal assets. Tracking your revenue and expenses will also ensure that your money-making hobby is indeed profitable. Consider investing in accounting software to manage your books.

Building a lucrative business or side hustle takes time. Depending on what you’re doing, it could be months or even years before you achieve financial independence or a full-time income from your favorite hobby.

“I got a few orders around October on Etsy,” says Tamara Mayne, founder of Brooklyn Candle Studio, during an interview for the Shopify Masters podcast. “In November and December, things got really crazy. My entire apartment was covered in candles. My husband, who was my boyfriend at the time, was helping me wick countless jars and our floors were covered.”

*Based on a 2025 survey of 500 Shopify merchants conducted in English across Australia, Canada, the United Kingdom, Ireland, New Zealand, and the United States. Respondents were established merchants with two or more years on the platform. Results reflect the experiences of this specific sample and may not be representative of all merchants.